Black Codes

The Black Codes were laws governing the conduct of free African Americans. Black Codes existed before the Civil War, in fact many northern states had them. In 1832, James Kent wrote that “in most of the United States, there is a distinction in respect to political privileges, between free white persons and free coloured persons […]

A primer on Race riot history in America

We define police brutality as a civil rights violation where officers exercise undue or excessive force against a civilian. This includes physical or verbal harassment, physical or mental injury, property damage, and death. The first use of the term police brutality in the American Press was in 1872, when the Chicago Tribune reported the beating […]